Root Causes of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Root Causes of Terrorism Essay Fieldman and Shapir (2004) noted that â€Å"some of the latest figures involving international suicide terrorists, their actions and the outcome of these actions, mentioning that there were eleven suicide attacks in Chechnya since 2003 involving fifteen terrorists, eleven of which are women. Their actions killing 200 and sixty one suicide attacks until June 2004 in Iraq involving seventy nine suicide terrorists that killed 840 people, and that suicide terrorism is significant in Israeli-Palestinian conflict as anti-Israel suicide attacks were numbered to 26 2003 to June 2004 (Fieldman, Shapir, 2004, p. 46). † This is proof of one of the many similar characteristics and nature of these different suicide terrorist groups: the measure and extent of their resolve. â€Å"In other areas around the world, fifty-four terrorists identified with Al Qaeda or its affiliated took part in nineteen suicide attacks in which over 280 people were killed. Overall, more than 170 suicide terrorists carried out 117 suicide attacks, a figure that does not include the numerous frustrated suicide attacks, mostly but not exclusively in Israel (Feldman, Shapir, 2004, p. 46). † Suicide terrorist groups around the world and the shared parallelism in management, nature and characteristics Despite the differences present between different suicide terrorist groups operating in different parts of the world, there is a noticeable set of parallelisms that render each group closely similar with one another, creating in a certain degree a sense of uniformity in the manner by which suicide terrorist groups are being managed, run and operated by its leaders. Suicide terrorist groups often share the same set of motivation that allows for the effective management of the personality and overall state of being of its suicide terrorists; they also share nearly the same M. O. , as well as target preferences and the penchant for an attack the lethality of which is guaranteed to extend to a large number of people victimized by the attack; politically, the goals of suicide terrorist groups (the creation of pressure to remove usurpers and modern day colonial rulers and exercise genuine governance and sovereignty over their own lands) are radically aligned with each other. Suicide terrorists and the personality management skill of its leaders An important aspect of suicide terrorism and of the suicide terrorists groups that needs to be discussed is the ‘management’ of these particular individuals. Because the tasks of suicide terrorists are not similar to any other ordinary tasks since their job has a significant level of certainty of death and the finality of life in it, leaders of either small, independent terrorist cells or national level commanders of an umbrella organization for terrorist group (or any leadership or management-level individual belonging to a terrorist group that has in its method of operation suicidal attacks) should have an intensive knowledge on how suicide terrorists should be handled and how each aspect of the suicide terrorist’s personality – emotional, psychological, spiritual, mental and physical – is ‘managed’. Recruiting suicide terrorist may appear either easy or difficult depending on the person who holds the particular opinion. People who see how emotional, psychological and other types motivation easily convinces a prospective suicide bomber to take on a mission and end his/her life for something which the suicide terrorist believes is worth it will think that all leaders need to do is manipulate people into becoming suicide terrorists by using pressure points to which the prospective recruit will easily yield or bend. Religion and militant fanaticism is one of the popular notions that people used to believe as the main reason for the recruitment of suicide bombers. There are those who believe that patriotism or the love for the country is the key motivation for suicide terrorists, while others, who recruit from areas which are economically and financially depressed, pay money or promise a better life for the family that they will leave behind. There are some reported cases of blackmail or the use of threat, as well as the presence of pressure coming from political groups to which a person belongs to, or the pressure of socially-shared political ideology that compels members to undertake such tasks. â€Å"Men become suicide terrorists in extraordinary cases, and each case requires its own explanation. There are some indirect data to suggest that a psychological trauma is an obligatory component. The trauma should be related not only to the death of relatives and/or personal threat to life but also to humiliation, personal but most particularly to a perception of national dignity (Wessely, Krasnov, 2006, p. 112). † Regardless of the particular motivation at play in a particular organization in a particular situation (since the motivation of suicide terrorists around the world varies in detail from one another in different occasions), the important thing that this illustrates is the role of effective management of the terrorist group leaders of its own suicide terrorist squads. They seldom retreat or abort missions because of last minute realizations, but this does not mean that they are crazy – professional researchers and analysts simply believes that the motivation and pressure existing is too much that it is impossible to dissuade suicide terrorists from undertaking their tasks of taking not just their lives, but that of other people as well. â€Å"Although research indicates that individual suicide attackers make choices and are not technically crazy, according to experts they are often manipulated by the pressures and belief structures of the group. Because of this, it is important to study the role of the organization in the phenomenon (Linden, 2002, p. 82). † The political significance, role and impact of suicide terrorist groups – The nature of the different suicide terrorist groups around the world is reflected in how they assert and create political significance for their group. Through their efforts towards political significance, observers can identify the essence of these groups, enumerate them and in the process allow the creation of paradigms from which terrorist groups are the nature of future terrorists groups are characterized. This aspect shows the core nature of suicide terrorist groups – a group of individuals that resorted to the use of lethal force and deadly weapon in the effort to effect change in the political landscape, a band of radical fighters who use the lives of innocent individuals as leverage to gain such power and influence, people who are motivated by different things (but nonetheless equally highly motivated, enough to die and to kill), these are the people who rely on scare and fear tactics to create pressure. Their actions create pressure – towards their enemies and sometimes towards themselves when the end product of an attack backfires and becomes a cause of problem for terrorist groups themselves – while at the same time allowing for the style and personality of this particular group to change over time, altering as well the manner by which the world responds and reacts to terrorism, particularly to suicide terrorists and their actions. â€Å"Al Qaeda’s coordinated multiple suicide airborne attacks aimed at destroying three outstanding US landmark targets the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon, and Congress on September 11, 2001, demonstrated the escalating terrorist threat posed to civilian and military infrastructure With 9/11, the worst terrorist attack ever, the threshold for terrorism world-wide increased. Terrorism has moved from tactical to a strategic threat, prompting governments to invest unprecedented resources both in pre-empting terrorist attacks and in managing mass casualty attacks (Steven, Gunaratna, 2004, p. 2). † Because of the group’s political significance, analysts now grow more observant towards the efficiency by which suicide terrorist group leaders handle the organizations to make protracted and long battles like the ones being fought by terrorist group possible and sustainable over the years and over the number of suicide bombers lost and needs to be replaced time and again. Nature of suicide terrorism: political strategy versus religious undertaking – One of the most common and distorted ideas about suicide terrorism is that it is an act resulting from radical Islamist beliefs or the manifestation of the will of certain religious beliefs that glorify and moralize the use of lethal force and the taking of innocent lives. Historians clear out the confusion in this particular aspect of the nature of suicide terrorist groups around the world: historians and analysts believe that religious will is not the motivation of suicide terrorist groups; rather, it is the means by which strategic political actions are justified to the people and most especially to the suicide terrorists. For actions that carry with it severe moral stigma, there is a need for the presence of moral righteousness for the undertaking to be enacted without doubt, and here, religious and other non-political aspect of the set of beliefs comes into play; sometimes, suicide bombers are not even fully aware of the political repercussions of his/her actions nor the real political reasons why such act is necessary; for the suicide terrorist, it is enough that there is a sufficient reason wherein he can directly relate to and understand. â€Å"Suicide terrorist attacks are not so much driven by religion as by a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. From Lebanon to Sri Lanka to Chechnya to Kashmir to the West Bank, every major suicide terrorist campaign over 95 percent of all incidents has had as its central objective to compel a democratic state to withdraw (LeMay, 2006, p. 252). † Religion is the balm that soothes the wounds and calms the fears of suicide bombers. At this level, the understanding and appreciation of goals is still shared by most since everyone understands and experiences the state of spirituality and religious belief necessary to make religion a powerful influence and motivation for the suicide bomber. â€Å"Other Muslims would argue the Koran supports actions of suicide bombers. These latter groups include radical and/or militant terrorist organizations with which we are familiar (Williams, Waltrip, 2004, p. 139). † The leader might not bother the suicide bomber/terrorist with the political complexities of such actions since this usually requires a level of mental capability similar to that of the learned and the educated, and not every suicide terrorist that pulls plunges himself/herself and the bomb inside a crowded place are educated, or did not have the chance to be one. â€Å"The suicide terrorist no longer thinks; he finds his inspiration and refuge in prayer, as outlined in Mohammad Atta’s letter to his comrades before the attack of September 11, 2001. There should be a ritual of washing and shaving, and the night is to be spent in prayer trying to forget the world. Then there should be further prayers, and after this Atta advises the others, ‘Smile and feel secure. For God is with the believers and the angels are guarding him without him feeling it. ’ We do not know, however, whether all or any of the suicide bombers did indeed spend the last night praying; some reportedly spent it in a bar or a night club (Laquer, 2003, p. 95). † References Bjorgo, Tore (December 2005). Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Taylor Francis, Inc.

Essay --

Chapter Four: Related work there are several work and study on text category with Arabic text and every work take the study from some points and leave others depend on type of study. in [68] make classification for Arabic text and the result was that very robust and reliable without morphological analysis, in [71] make comparative study using N-Gram and using two measures, Manhattan measure and Dice’s measure and make comparison between them and the result was the N-Gram with Dice's measure better than using Manhattan measure and make experimental on four category, in other [83] Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using EM, Been proposed Algorithm used expectation - maximization with the naive Bayes classifier to learn from the documents labeled and non-labeled, The first step classifier using trains and documents named, and labels potentially Unnamed documents. And then trained on the new classifier using the labels for all the documents, and is repeated to convergence. many rese arches are proposed and presented for the problem of the Arabic text classification In this section we mention the main algorithms of these studies such as: Decision tree [36], KNN [37,38,39,40], NB [17,41,42], N-Gram frequency [5,45],Rocchio [4], SVM [19,21,43], and distance based classifier [ 46,47,48]. †¢ Syiam et. al. [40] presented an intelligent Arabic text categorization system that used the KNN and Rocchio profile-based [50] classifiers to classify a set of Arabic text documents collected from three Egyptians news paper called Al Ahram, Al Gomhoria, and Al Akhbar during the period from August 1998 to September 2004. the corpus contains 1132 documents with 39468 words and cover six topics. Three approaches were adopted as pre... ... Agency website. The corpus contain 1562 documents of different lengths belongs to six categories. The documents were normalized and preprocessed by removing digits, foreign words, punctuation marks, and stop-words. The Chi square method was used for feature selection with various numbers of words ranging from 10 to 1000. The corpus was spied such as 70% of the documents were used for training the classifier while the remaining 30% of documents were used for testing. Three evaluation measures precision, recall, and F-measure were used to evaluate the performance of the NB classifier. Results showed that the NB classifier work well when the number of words grows. The NB classifier reach its peak for precision and F-measure when the number of selected words equal 800 words, while the peak for the recall measure was when the number of selected words equal to 700 words.

President Jackson Guardian of the Constitution

With good intention of building a nation based on principles of freedom, opportunity, and equality, the United States early leaders had many struggles in doing so. A utopia world can be imagined and planned out, but tribulations will always occur, making a utopia impossible to be created. The Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the Constitution, individual liberty, and equal opportunity, but then again, tribulations are inevitable. Jacksonian Democrats took on the duty of defending the country from mostly outside powers, but also from problems that take place in the country. The Declaration gives the American man many rights, which can be, and will be abused. Document A explains how the Jacksonian's recognized this, and again, with good intent, they have assigned themselves as an organized party, with leaders of high meaning to protect any misuse of the said freedoms in the Declaration. President Jackson takes a commanding step in his faith of defending the country in his veto of the United States Bank re-charter showed in Document B. He gives a good argument for why the Bank is disrupting and harmful to the United States, and his veto is because he is trying to protect the United States. Document D shows how the United States was already very prospering, and the document really emphasizes the amazement of individual liberty. Never before, anywhere else in the modernized world was the a working democracy, but the United States seemed to be a very able country even with individual liberty. The writer claims she was â€Å"painfully amazed† when the question was up-rose of whether the people are encouraged to govern themselves, she was surprised because it looked as if it was a great environment. Document E tells of how a riot broke out in Philadelphia because of the issue of slavery, and black discrimination. This is a struggle that will always haunt those in power. The issue of slavery completely goes against the Democrat belief of individual liberty. The very unmoral view of the situation will claim that blacks are not considered humans, but property. Document E shows that South Carolina moves to suppress the non-slave states' publishing and printing. Document G shows how the United States took the rights of the Indians in the Indian Removal Act, which led to the Trail of Tears. The Indians were forced out of their living space, and had their rights abused. In Andrew Jackson's veto explained in Document B, it shows how he is defending the equal opportunity of the United States. He says, â€Å"It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of governments to their selfish purposes. † He is defending the common man and in doing so, he is also defending the Constitution. Equal Opportunity is also shown in Document F. South Carolina accepts the views of the non-slave states, but they realize the influence of of the non-slave states may be seen in the slave states, so they set restrictions on what they can print and publish in newspapers and pamphlets. They do not want the non-slave states to interrupt with their potential. The Jacksonian Democrats claimed to be defenders of the United States. They defended the Constitution, individual rights, and equal opportunity the best they could. But arguments and problems are always on the horizon, and sometimes defending them can turn someones actions on what they previously claimed their beliefs. For this, the Jacksonian Democrats were continuously challenged on their position on different subjects.

Core Theoretical Models of Coaching and Mentoring Essay

In this essay, the advantages and disadvantages of two core theoretical models of coaching (GROW and Skilled helper model) and one of mentoring (5 C’s mentoring model) will be critically appraised. Coaching and mentoring are not about learning to do something the right way, but are about helping to lead an individual to find their own way of doing it practically and efficiently. Coaching and mentoring sessions are guided with theoretical models, which help focus both the coach and the coachee in attaining desired outcomes for problem situations. However, even with the aid of theoretical models not everyone can coach another person. The first and far most important attribute of a coach is the ability to build relationships with the coachee†¦show more content†¦The first coaching model to be critically appraised will be the GROW model. GROW is an acronym for Goals, Reality, Options and Will/Way forward. The GROW model was created by John Whitmore and popularised from his book in 1992, the model proceeds through the four phases, each edging the client closer to their desired goals realistically. Each phase consists with around three or four open questions initiating thoug ht by the client as to what he or she wants and how they will get there. A major advantage of the GROW model is that the questions are fairly simplistic, although they would have to be conducted in a way which followed Whitmore’s techniques they are straight to the point. â€Å"GROW, without the context of awareness and responsibility and the skill of questioning to generate them, has little value.† (Whitmore (2009) p.56) However, a disadvantage may be that there are not enough questions, with there only being three or four questions the problem situation may not be explored in depth enough for the client to come up with their desired goals, also there is not a section where the coach and coachee would talk through the current situation. 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